A2.17

Mathematical Methods
Part II, 2002

(i) Show that the equation

ϵx4x2+5x6=0,ϵ1\epsilon x^{4}-x^{2}+5 x-6=0, \quad|\epsilon| \ll 1

has roots in the neighbourhood of x=2x=2 and x=3x=3. Find the first two terms of an expansion in ϵ\epsilon for each of these roots.

Find a suitable series expansion for the other two roots and calculate the first two terms in each case.

(ii) Describe, giving reasons for the steps taken, how the leading-order approximation for λ1\lambda \gg 1 to an integral of the form

I(λ)ABf(t)eiλg(t)dtI(\lambda) \equiv \int_{A}^{B} f(t) e^{i \lambda g(t)} d t

where λ\lambda and gg are real, may be found by the method of stationary phase. Consider the cases where (a) g(t)g^{\prime}(t) has one simple zero at t=t0t=t_{0} with A<t0<BA<t_{0}<B; (b) g(t)g^{\prime}(t) has more than one simple zero in A<t<BA<t<B; and (c) g(t)g^{\prime}(t) has only a simple zero at t=Bt=B. What is the order of magnitude of I(λ)I(\lambda) if g(t)g^{\prime}(t) is non-zero for AtBA \leq t \leq B ?

Use the method of stationary phase to find the leading-order approximation to

J(λ)01sin[λ(2t4t)]dtJ(\lambda) \equiv \int_{0}^{1} \sin \left[\lambda\left(2 t^{4}-t\right)\right] d t

for λ1\lambda \gg 1.

[You may use the fact that eiu2du=πeiπ/4\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{i u^{2}} d u=\sqrt{\pi} e^{i \pi / 4}.]