B3.9

Riemann Surfaces
Part II, 2003

Let LL be the lattice Zω1+Zω2\mathbb{Z} \omega_{1}+\mathbb{Z} \omega_{2} for two non-zero complex numbers ω1,ω2\omega_{1}, \omega_{2} whose ratio is not real. Recall that the Weierstrass function \wp is given by the series

(u)=1u2+ωL{0}(1(uω)21ω2)\wp(u)=\frac{1}{u^{2}}+\sum_{\omega \in L-\{0\}}\left(\frac{1}{(u-\omega)^{2}}-\frac{1}{\omega^{2}}\right)

the function ζ\zeta is the (unique) odd anti-derivative of -\wp; and σ\sigma is defined by the conditions

σ(u)=ζ(u)σ(u) and σ(0)=1\sigma^{\prime}(u)=\zeta(u) \sigma(u) \quad \text { and } \quad \sigma^{\prime}(0)=1

(a) By writing a differential equation for σ(u)\sigma(-u), or otherwise, show that σ\sigma is an odd function.

(b) Show that σ(u+ωi)=σ(u)exp(ai(u+bi))\sigma\left(u+\omega_{i}\right)=-\sigma(u) \exp \left(a_{i}\left(u+b_{i}\right)\right) for some constants ai,bia_{i}, b_{i}. Use (a) to express bib_{i} in terms of ωi\omega_{i}. [Do not attempt to express aia_{i} in terms of ωi\omega_{i}.]

(c) Show that the function f(u)=σ(2u)/σ(u)4f(u)=\sigma(2 u) / \sigma(u)^{4} is periodic with respect to the lattice LL and deduce that f(u)=(u)f(u)=-\wp^{\prime}(u).