Paper 4, Section I, B
Derive the relation between the neutrino temperature and the photon temperature at a time long after electrons and positrons have become non-relativistic.
[In this question you may work in units of the speed of light, so that . You may also use without derivation the following formulae. The energy density and pressure for a single relativistic species a with a number of degenerate states at temperature are given by
where is Boltzmann's constant, is Planck's constant, and the minus or plus depends on whether the particle is a boson or a fermion respectively. For each species a, the entropy density at temperature is given by,
The effective total number of relativistic species is defined in terms of the numbers of bosonic and fermionic particles in the theory as,
with the specific values for photons, positrons and electrons.]