Paper 2, Section II, E

Dynamical Systems
Part II, 2020

(a) State and prove Dulac's criterion. State clearly the Poincaré-Bendixson theorem.

(b) For (x,y)R2(x, y) \in \mathbb{R}^{2} and k>0k>0, consider the dynamical system

x˙=kx5y(3x+y)(5x26xy+5y2)y˙=5x+(k6)y(x+3y)(5x26xy+5y2)\begin{aligned} &\dot{x}=k x-5 y-(3 x+y)\left(5 x^{2}-6 x y+5 y^{2}\right) \\ &\dot{y}=5 x+(k-6) y-(x+3 y)\left(5 x^{2}-6 x y+5 y^{2}\right) \end{aligned}

(i) Use Dulac's criterion to find a range of kk for which this system does not have any periodic orbit.

(ii) Find a suitable f(k)>0f(k)>0 such that trajectories enter the disc x2+y2f(k)x^{2}+y^{2} \leqslant f(k) and do not leave it.

(iii) Given that the system has no fixed points apart from the origin for k<10k<10, give a range of kk for which there will exist at least one periodic orbit.